Traumatic memories are often fragmented and can be altered when recalled, making them difficult to integrate into a coherent narrative. Van der Kolk explains, 'When memory traces of the original sounds, images, and sensations are reactivated... the frontal lobe shuts down.' Dissociation, a common response to trauma, further complicates this process by creating a 'dual memory system' where traumatic memories are split off from normal consciousness. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for effective trauma therapy.