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Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher whose groundbreaking contributions revolutionized our understanding of physics. His laws of motion and universal gravitation, outlined in his seminal work "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica," laid the foundation for modern science. Newton's laws of motion describe the relationship between the motion of objects and the forces acting upon them, while his law of universal gravitation proposed that every object in the universe attracts every other object. Additionally, Newton made significant contributions to mathematics, optics, and the study of light, developing calculus and advancing our understanding of the spectrum of colors. His profound insights and discoveries, along with his role as the President of the Royal Society, established him as one of the most influential figures in the history of science and the Enlightenment era.